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The outline of π, sampled at 2048 points, is a sum of circles: z(t) = ∑ cₖ eⁱᵏᵗ, the cₖ from its discrete Fourier transform. Circle k has radius |cₖ| and turns k times per lap. With the N largest, the widest gap to the outline is 41.6 % of the letter's height at N = 1, · XDL